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Economy & Energy
No 28 - October - November 2001   ISSN 1518-2932

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Energy and Emissions Matrix:

Agriculture and Husbandry Sector

Capital/Product Ratio in Brazil and in OECD Countries

Industrial Sector

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Energy and Emissions in the Industrial Sector

Note of the Editor:
It concerns results relative to the projection of energy consumption in the Industrial Sector and of the corresponding emissions. The numbering of figures and tables corresponds to that of the report delivered to the Ministry of Science and Technology and which will be integrally available to the e&e readers.

COMPLETE TEXT (Only in Portuguese) OF THE SECTORS STUDIED AVAILABLE IN WORD FOR DOWNLOAD

Coordinator : Carlos Feu Alvim feu@ecen.com
Technical staff: Carlos Feu Alvim, Aumara Feu
(*), Eduardo Marques, Frida Eidelman, Omar Campos Ferreira, Othon Luiz Pinheiro da Silva

 

In the present chapter we will study the evolution of the energy/product coefficients and the consumption distribution in equivalent energy among the different final energy sources aiming at the projection of consumption of final energy (using coefficients that reflect the relative efficiency of the energy sources) for the Industrial Sector.

This approach is also possible for each one of the industrial activities and shall be carried out in works referring to the energy matrix.

The use of emission coefficients relative to the different sources of final energy for the sector permits to obtain the emission of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect originating from the energy use by the sector.

a)    Participation of the Industrial Sector in the GDP

The historical participation of the sectors in the GDP was discussed in item 4 where Brazilian historical data and those relative to the OECD countries at current and constant prices were presented.

It was verified in the OECD countries that the decline of the sector participation at current prices was much higher than at constant prices. In the case of Brazil, the participation of the Industrial Sector dropped both at current and constant prices relative to the eighties as shown in Figure 29.

 

Figure 29: Historical and projected values of the participation in the GDP of the industrial + energy sectors at constant and current prices for Brazil. When international comparisons are made, one should compare the sum of the two sectors with the industry participation in the GDP of the other countries.

 

Considering the decline of the industrial sector participation in the eighties and nineties of last century and taking into account the fact that Brazil did not become an industrialized country in the full sense of this expression [1], we prefer to maintain the participation of the industrial and energy sectors approximately in the same proportion observed in the last years of the available series. The average participation of the industrial product in the GDP in OECD was about 30% in 1995. It should be noticed that countries like Japan and Germany still maintain the participation around 35% and that the OECD average is strongly influenced by the low participation of the United States that maintains for several years an external commercial deficit mainly constituted of industrial products.

The projected values of the industrial and energy sectors participation for Brazil  were 28,0%and 32% respectively, totaling 32,5% and the ratio between the participation at current and constant prices was assumed in both cases to tend to 1. In Figure 30 we show the assumed evolution for the industrial and energy sectors at constant prices.

  

Figure 30: Historical and projected values of the equivalent energy/product  for the Industrial Sector in Brazil. It should be noticed the regularity and constancy of this ratio at constant prices.

 

b) Equivalent Energy / Product Ratio of the Industrial  Sector

The equivalent energy/product ratio of the industrial sector shows a systematic increase at current or constant prices as can be seen in Figure 31. Apparently, these values would be tending to a limit value. The projected values would stabilize at 0.42 kEP/US$94. A preliminary analysis of the data concerning the different industrial activities shows that the increase of the energy/product ratio was fundamentally due to the metallurgy sector.

Figure 31: Equivalent Energy/Industrial Product in different countries ordered according to the GDP per capita (ppp – purchase power parity). There is a large variation in the observed values that strongly depend on the industrial activities of each country. The blue line in the graphic represents the industrial product per capita).

 

It is interesting to examine the Brazilian industry situation relative to other countries. In Figure 32 the equivalent energy/product ratio for different countries is shown. Besides the countries of the present and former communist block,  the countries that stand out regarding their mining and metallurgy activities present higher equivalent energy/product ratio.

There is a large dispersion of values and Brazil had an equivalent energy/product ratio value practically equal to that of OECD in 1995. The adopted hypothesis, namely that the present energy intensity remains constant seems coherent with this observation. A better evaluation  depends on a prospective analysis of the different industrial activities in Brazil.

 

Figure 32: Evaluation of the equivalent energy/product parameter in the industrial sector.

 

c) Projection of the Equivalent and Final Energy for the Industrial Sector

The methodology for evaluating the participation in the GDP of the sectors at constant prices was previously described when the Agriculture and Husbandry Sector was discussed. The projected participation of the Industrial Sector is shown in Figure 32. The participation data regarding the intermediate years were shown in Table 5. 

From the GDP (in dollar values equivalent to that of 1994) it is possible to obtain the values for the corresponding Sectorial Products which were shown in Table 6. Multiplying the so-projected values of the Industrial Product by the annual values of the equivalent energy/industrial product parameter we obtain the equivalent energy demand.

EE industry (year i) = Industrial Prod. (year i) * (EE/PI) (year  i)

Figure 33 shows the evolution of the product values at constant prices and that of the equivalent energy in the Industrial Sector. The historical values reflect the increase of the energy/product ratio shown in Figure 32 which causes the differentiation of the curves, mainly after 1980 when industrial production turned to semi-finished products.

 

Figure 33: Historical and projected evolution of the economic activity (measured by the equivalent energy demand) and of the product for the Industrial Sector.

 

d) Participation of Energy Sources in Industry in Equivalent Energy

The participation of energy sources in industry was carried out in two steps. The first approximation is made by considering the energy sources grouped just like it is made in the presentation of OCDE’s Energy Balances. This classification is applied so that petroleum products, natural gas and coal are grouped together in order to keep in mind the origin of the energy source. This facilitates the planning of demand satisfaction as a function of availability. In a second step, it was considered the percent participation of the energy sources in each sub-group

The adopted methodology makes it possible to review the participation among the energy sources so that a study regarding substitution among energy sources from other groups is possible.

In Figure 34 , we shows the evolution of energy sources participation grouped in that way, both the historical and the projected ones. When we projected this participation we have also considered the comparison of energy sources participation in Brazil with those of other countries.

In Table 16 we show the participation of the grouped energy sources obtained from OECD data in final energy converted to equivalent energy according to the methodology previously described [F1]. Since BEN does not consider separately energy in the form of heat, the total was re-normalized by distributing its value among the other energy sources (except electricity) as shown in Table 17, where the participation adopted for year 2020 in Brazil are indicated.

Table 16: Participation in Equivalent Energy of energy sources used in Industry in 1996.

 

Coal

Petroleum products and NG

Gas

Others

Renewable Fuel. and Wastes

Electricity

Heat

Total

Brazil

13.7%

20.5%

3.9%

0.0%

21.2%

40.8%

0.0%

100.0%

OECD

6.6%

20.8%

20.0%

0.0%

2.3%

49.6%

0.7%

100.0%

All

19.9%

16.9%

14.5%

0.0%

3.4%

41.7%

3.7%

100.0%

Source: Final Energy Data of Balances published by OECD and converted to equivalent energy by e&e

 

Table 17: Re-normalization of data in Table 16 (without heat) and projected participation for Brazil

 

Coal

Petroleum products and NG

Gas

Others

Renewable Fuel. and Wastes

Electricity

Total

Brazil

13.7%

20.5%

3.9%

0.0%

21.2%

40.8%

100.0%

OECD

6.7%

21.1%

20.3%

0.0%

2.3%

49.6%

100.0%

All

21.2%

18.0%

15.5%

0.0%

3.6%

41.7%

100.0%

Brazil 2020

12.0%

18.0%

12.0%

0.0%

12.0%

46.0%

100.0%

Figure 34: Historical and projected participation of energy sources in the Industrial Sector in Brazil

 

In Figure 35 we show the participation of the energy sources in industry for several countries ordered by GDP/inhabitant. As expected, the electric energy participation grows with development and reaches a plateau at about 50%. The biomass participation is reduced according to development. The natural gas participation in industry is well above than that observed in Brazil, demonstrating that it would exist space for a larger participation of this energy source, whose application will depend on future availability.

However, mineral coal participation is practically twice than the OECD average. This reflects the weight iron and steel works have on our industrial matrix. For the future it was supposed in this first approximation, where we are dealing with the industrial sector as a whole, that the participation of mineral coal and its products would drop from its present 13% (in 1999) to 12% (in 2020). In the intermediate years we have considered an increase in the participation of mineral coal and its product due to the need of increasing exports in the next years. 

 

Figure 35: Participation of energy sources presently used in the Industrial Sector in the different countries ordered by GDP/inhabitant.

 

In Table 18 we indicate the participation in past and intermediate years until 2020.

 

Table 18: Values of the  Participation of aggregated energy sources  and  projected values

  INDUSTRY

2020

1970

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

Petroleum products or NG

18.0%

32.0%

18.1%

19.4%

19.5%

20.0%

19.6%

17.6%

16.5%

16.9%

18.0%

Natural Gas

12.0%

0.0%

3.2%

4.0%

3.8%

4.2%

4.7%

7.1%

8.7%

10.2%

12.0%

Mineral coal  and its Products

12.0%

8.0%

14.5%

14.5%

14.1%

13.1%

13.4%

14.7%

14.6%

13.6%

12.0%

Biomass and Renewable

12.0%

36.1%

21.0%

19.4%

20.2%

20.5%

20.0%

17.9%

15.4%

13.7%

12.0%

Electricity

46.0%

23.9%

43.2%

42.7%

42.4%

42.2%

42.3%

42.6%

44.8%

45.7%

46.0%

 

Figure 36: Historical and projected participation of energy sources used in the Industrial Sector.

 

For the purpose of defining the participation of the different energy sources by group, the percent variation of their components was used. Figures 37 to 39 show the evolution and projection of the energy sources along the studied years.

 

Figure 37: Participation of Biomass and its components in industrial consumption (in equivalent energy).

 

Figure 38: Participation of Petroleum products (and NG) in industrial consumption (in equivalent energy) and participation of each energy source in the group.

 

Figure 39: Participation of Mineral Coal and its products in industrial consumption (in equivalent energy) and participation of each energy source in the group.

 

d) Participation of Energy Sources in Final Energy

The equivalent energy values were converted to final energy, as was done for the other sectors, using equivalence coefficients already previously described ( based on efficiency values of the expected future uses, according to indications of BEU/MME 1993).

Based on these equivalence coefficients, the final energy consumption in the Industrial Sector by energy source was obtained as shown in Figure 40 and Table 19. The Product values used were those of Table 6.

 

Figura 39:

Figure 40: Final Energy consumption in the Industrial Sector with historical and projected values indicated

 

Table 19: Projected Values of Final Energy for the Industrial Sector (10^6 toe)

                         Final Energy 10^3 toe

 

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

 NATURAL  GAS

3384

5910

8549

11848

16606

STEAM COAL

353

1602

2262

2338

2256

MET. COAL

2132

1704

2001

2603

3225

FIREWOOD

5174

6000

5958

5217

4058

SUGARCANE PRODUCTS

9525

8873

9045

10389

12075

OTHERS PRIMARY

2663

2794

2994

3242

3437

TOTAL PRIMARY

23231

26882

30809

35637

41658

DIESEL OIL

485

487

544

667

875

FUEL OIL

7586

8853

10150

12296

16050

LPG

766

620

653

792

998

NAPHTHA

0

0

1

11

33

KEROSENE

62

83

105

138

197

GAS

878

1305

1641

1836

2006

MIN. COAL COKE

5984

7512

8529

8932

9043

ELECTRICITY

40490

46882

58545

70283

84288

VEGETAL COAL

3522

3680

3903

4221

4738

O.SEC. PETR.

3744

2712

2792

3508

4598

TAR

80

167

202

211

209

TOTAL SECONDARY

63598

72301

87063

102896

123037

Total Biomass

15052

16475

17265

17944

18389

TOTAL

86829

99183

117872

138533

164695

 

e) Emissions Corresponding to Consumption in Final Energy

From the consumption in final energy and the emission coefficients for the Sector one can deduce the final emissions. In the present evaluation it was used the values supplied by the staff that is elaborating the National Inventory of Emissions (values supplied by Branca Americano to e&e staff). As a first approximation, constant values were used along the period 2000/2020. The factors used, shown in Table 21, correspond to those of 1999.

It should be observed that only the emission coefficients for energy sources that were projected to be used in the Sector in the period 2000/2020 are shown. The non-energy uses were not calculated in the emissions evaluation.

Table 20: Emission Coefficients in the Industrial Sector

CO2 Gg/10^3tEP , the others t/10^3tEP

 

 

CO2

CO

CH4

NOX

N2O

NMVOCS

NATURAL  GAS

2.272

2.612

0.047

33.363

0.004

0.203

STEAM COAL

3.982

3.867

0.071

18.088

0.064

0.859

MET. COAL

3.982

2.427

0.031

16.191

0.043

0.614

HYDRAULIC EN.

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

FIREWOOD

4.097

74.271

0.937

4.648

0.172

2.148

SUGARCANE PROD.

4.144

74.073

1.289

2.932

0.172

2.148

OTHERS PRIMARY

3.316

28.553

0.316

7.726

0.049

0.585

 TOTAL PRIMARY

3.776

52.036

0.803

9.252

0.122

1.555

 DIESEL   OIL

3.150

0.533

0.006

2.857

0.024

0.206

FUEL OIL.  

3.290

2.128

0.091

13.330

0.019

0.215

LPG

2.682

2.510

0.067

32.633

0.004

0.215

 NAPHTHA  

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

KEROSENE

3.055

2.495

0.031

15.357

0.023

0.215

GAS

4.380

3.378

0.045

45.213

0.004

0.203

MIN. COAL COKE

4.554

9.064

0.043

1.503

0.060

0.687

 ELECTRICITY

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

 VEGETAL  COAL

4.458

171.826

8.591

4.296

0.172

4.296

 ALCOHOL  ETHYL

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

 O.SEC. PETR.

3.748

2.192

0.060

16.447

0.043

0.214

NON PET. E.

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

TAR

3.982

3.394

0.043

22.638

0.026

0.215

 

 Source: MCT: Communicated by Branca Americano to e&e

 

The application of these coefficients to the final energy data produces the emission values indicated in the graphic of each gas that contribute to the greenhouse effect. The results for CO2, CO, CH4, NOx, N2O and NMVOCs are shown in Figures 41 to 46 and Tables 21 to 26.

 

Figura 40: 

Figure 41: Historical and Projected CO2 Emissions in the Industrial Sector, originating from the final use of energy by energy source. In the case of CO2 emissions (and CO, see next Figure), the values corresponding to renewable biomass do not change the inventory along the period and do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. These values are indicated as “punched” in the Figure.

 

 

Table 21: CO2 Emissions in Gg/year

 

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

 

NATURAL  GAS

7688

13424

19419

26914

37723

 

STEAM COAL

1407

6381

9008

9309

8982

 

MET. COAL

8491

6785

7969

10367

12844

 

FIREWOOD

21197

24585

24411

21376

16628

*

SUGARCANE PROD.

39473

36771

37485

43056

50044

*

OTHERS PRIMARY

8830

9265

9928

10751

11399

 

 TOTAL PRIMARY

87087

97211

108221

121772

137621

 

DIESEL  OIL

1529

1533

1713

2101

2757

 

FUEL OIL.  

24961

29128

33394

40457

52808

 

LPG

2055

1663

1750

2125

2676

 

NAPHTHA   

0

0

0

0

0

 

KEROSENE   

190

254

320

420

602

 

GAS

3845

5717

7185

8042

8788

 

MIN. C. COKE

27250

34208

38837

40672

41178

 

 ELECTRICITY

0

0

0

0

0

 

  VEGETAL  COAL

15700

16402

17398

18817

21121

*

 O.SEC. PETR.

14033

10164

10467

13148

17235

 

TAR

317

665

803

839

833

 

TOTAL SECONDARY

89880

99733

111867

126623

147999

 

Total Without Biomass

114889

129207

149184

174654

209965

 

TOTAL

176967

196944

220088

248395

285619

 

(*) Non-accountable Emissions due to the renewable biomass origin 

 

Figure 42: Historical and Projected Emissions in the Industrial Sector originating from final use of energy by energy source.

Table 22: CO Emissions in Gg/year

 

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

 

NATURAL GAS

8.8

15.4

22.3

30.9

43.4

 

STEAM COAL

1.4

6.2

8.7

9.0

8.7

 

MET. COAL

5.2

4.1

4.9

6.3

7.8

 

FIREWOOD

384.2

445.7

442.5

387.5

301.4

*

SUGARCANE PROD.

705.5

657.2

670.0

769.5

894.4

*

OTHERS PRIMARY

76.0

79.8

85.5

92.6

98.2

 

TOTAL PRIMARY

1181.2

1208.4

1233.9

1295.9

1353.9

 

DIESEL OIL

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.5

 

FUEL OIL

16.1

18.8

21.6

26.2

34.2

 

LPG

1.9

1.6

1.6

2.0

2.5

 

NAPHTHA

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

 

KEROSENE

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.5

 

GAS

3.0

4.4

5.5

6.2

6.8

 

MIN. C. COKE

54.2

68.1

77.3

81.0

82.0

 

ELECTRICITY

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

 

VEGETAL COAL

605.2

632.3

670.6

725.3

814.1

*

O.SEC. PETR.

8.2

5.9

6.1

7.7

10.1

 

TAR

0.3

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

 

TOTAL SECONDARY

689.3

732.1

784.1

849.8

951.3

 

Total Without Biomass

779.4

831.5

896.7

979.6

1100.6

 

TOTAL

1870.5

1940.5

2018.0

2145.7

2305.2

 

(*)Non-accountable Emissions due to the renewable biomass origin

 

Figura 42:

Figure 43: Historical and Projected Emissions in Industrial Sector originating from final use of energy by energy source.

It is predominant the emissions due to the use of biomass

 

Table 23: CH4 Emissions in Gg/year

 

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

NATURAL GAS

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

STEAM  COAL

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

MET. COAL

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

FIREWOOD

4.8

5.6

5.6

4.9

3.8

SUGARCANE PROD.

12.3

11.4

11.7

13.4

15.6

OTHERS PRIMARY

0.8

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.1

TOTAL PRIMARY

18.2

18.4

18.8

20.1

21.5

DIESEL OIL

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

FUEL OIL

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

1.5

LPG

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

NAPHTHA

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

KEROSENE

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

GAS

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

MIN. COAL COKE

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

ELECTRICITY

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

VEGETAL COAL

30.3

31.6

33.5

36.3

40.7

O.SEC. PETR.

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.3

TAR

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

TOTAL SECONDARY

31.5

33.0

35.1

38.1

43.0

TOTAL

32.6

34.2

36.5

39.8

45.0

 

Figura 43:

Figure 44: Historical and Projected Emissions in Industrial Sector originating from final use of energy by energy source. It is highlighted the Natural Gas contribution in this type of emission.

 

Table 24 : NOx Emissions in Gg/year

 

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

NATURAL GAS

112.91

197.16

285.21

395.28

554.03

STEAM COAL

6.39

28.98

40.91

42.28

40.80

MET. COAL

34.52

27.58

32.40

42.15

52.22

FIREWOOD

24.05

27.89

27.69

24.25

18.86

SUGARCANE PROD.

27.93

26.02

26.52

30.46

35.41

OTHERS PRIMARY

20.57

21.59

23.13

25.05

26.56

TOTAL PRIMARY

226.37

329.22

435.87

559.47

727.88

DIESEL OIL

1.39

1.39

1.55

1.91

2.50

FUEL OIL

101.13

118.01

135.30

163.92

213.95

LPG

25.01

20.23

21.30

25.85

32.57

NAPHTHA 

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

KEROSENE

0.95

1.27

1.61

2.11

3.03

GAS

39.69

59.02

74.17

83.02

90.72

MIN. COAL COKE

9.00

11.29

12.82

13.43

13.60

ELECTRICITY

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

VEGETAL COAL

15.13

15.81

16.77

18.13

20.35

O.SEC. PETR.

61.58

44.60

45.93

57.70

75.63

TAR

1.80

3.78

4.57

4.77

4.74

TOTAL SECONDARY

255.68

275.41

314.01

370.83

457.08

TOTAL

482.05

604.62

749.88

930.30

1184.96

 

Figure 45: Historical and Projected Emissions in Industrial Sector originating from final use of energy by energy source.

 

Table 26: N2O Emissions in Gg/year

 

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

NATURAL GAS

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.05

0.07

STEAM COAL

0.02

0.10

0.15

0.15

0.14

 MET. COAL

0.09

0.07

0.09

0.11

0.14

FIREWOOD

0.89

1.03

1.02

0.90

0.70

SUGARCANE PROD.

1.64

1.52

1.55

1.79

2.07

OTHERS PRIMARY

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

 TOTAL PRIMARY

2.78

2.89

2.99

3.15

3.29

 DIESEL OIL 

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

FUEL OIL 

0.14

0.16

0.19

0.23

0.30

LPG

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

NAPHTHA

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

KEROSENE

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

GAS

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

MIN. COAL COKE

0.36

0.45

0.51

0.54

0.54

ELECTRICITY

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

 VEGETAL COAL

0.61

0.63

0.67

0.73

0.81

O.SEC. PETR.

0.16

0.12

0.12

0.15

0.20

TAR

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

TOTAL SECONDARY

1.29

1.39

1.52

1.68

1.90

TOTAL

4.07

4.28

4.51

4.83

5.19

 

 

Figure 46: Historical and Projected Emissions of other non volatile carbon compounds (non methane) originating from final use of energy by energy source.

 

Table 25: NMVOCs Emissions in Gg/year

 

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

NATURAL GAS

0.69

1.20

1.74

2.41

3.38

STEAM  COAL

0.30

1.38

1.94

2.01

1.94

MET. COAL

1.31

1.05

1.23

1.60

1.98

FIREWOOD

11.11

12.89

12.80

11.21

8.72

SUGARCANE PROD.

20.46

19.06

19.43

22.31

25.94

OTHERS PRIMARY

1.56

1.64

1.75

1.90

2.01

TOTAL PRIMARY

35.43

37.21

38.89

41.44

43.96

 DIESEL OIL 

0.10

0.10

0.11

0.14

0.18

FUEL OIL  

1.63

1.90

2.18

2.64

3.45

LPG

0.16

0.13

0.14

0.17

0.21

NAPHTHA 

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

KEROSENE

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.04

GAS

0.18

0.27

0.33

0.37

0.41

MIN. COAL COKE

4.11

5.16

5.86

6.14

6.22

 ELECTRICITY

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

VEGETAL COAL

15.13

15.81

16.77

18.13

20.35

O.SEC. PETR.

0.80

0.58

0.60

0.75

0.99

TAR

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.05

0.04

TOTAL SECONDARY

22.15

24.00

26.06

28.42

31.89

TOTAL

57.58

61.21

64.95

69.86

75.85

 

(*) Part of the sectorial data analysis  constitutes the Ph D thesis of Aumara Feu at the Economy Department of Brasilia University

 

[1] It should be noticed that the “Industrialized Country” expression was used at least at the end of the eighties as synonym of developed country and the Brazilian industry is still want of production and/or technology capacity in different vital sectors of industry.

 

[F1] Colocar referência da e&e

Graphic Edition/Edição Gráfica:
MAK
Editoração Eletrônic
a

Revised/Revisado:
Tuesday, 11 November 2008
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